Window functions perform calculations across rows of the query result. They run after the HAVING clause but before the ORDER BY clause. Invoking a window function requires special syntax using the OVER clause to specify the window. For example, the following query ranks orders for each clerk by price:

SELECT orderkey, clerk, totalprice,
       rank() OVER (PARTITION BY clerk
                    ORDER BY totalprice DESC) AS rnk
FROM orders
ORDER BY clerk, rnk

The window can be specified in two ways (see WINDOW clause):

  • By a reference to a named window specification defined in the WINDOW clause,
  • By an in-line window specification which allows to define window components as well as refer to the window components pre-defined in the WINDOW clause.

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Aggregate functions

All aggregate functions can be used as window functions by adding the OVER clause. The aggregate function is computed for each row over the rows within the current row’s window frame. Note that ordering during aggregation is not supported.

For example, the following query produces a rolling sum of order prices by day for each clerk:

SELECT clerk, orderdate, orderkey, totalprice,
       sum(totalprice) OVER (PARTITION BY clerk
                             ORDER BY orderdate) AS rolling_sum
FROM orders
ORDER BY clerk, orderdate, orderkey

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Ranking functions

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cume_dist

cume_dist() -> bigint

Returns the cumulative distribution of a value in a group of values. The result is the number of rows preceding or peer with the row in the window ordering of the window partition divided by the total number of rows in the window partition. Thus, any tie values in the ordering will evaluate to the same distribution value.

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dense_rank

dense_rank() -> bigint

Returns the rank of a value in a group of values. This is similar to rank(), except that tie values do not produce gaps in the sequence.

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ntile

ntile(n) -> bigint

Divides the rows for each window partition into n buckets ranging from 1 to at most n. Bucket values will differ by at most 1. If the number of rows in the partition does not divide evenly into the number of buckets, then the remainder values are distributed one per bucket, starting with the first bucket.

For example, with 6 rows and 4 buckets, the bucket values would be as follows: 1 1 2 2 3 4

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percent_rank

percent_rank() -> double

Returns the percentage ranking of a value in group of values. The result is (r - 1) / (n - 1) where r is the rank() of the row and n is the total number of rows in the window partition.

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rank

rank() -> bigint

Returns the rank of a value in a group of values. The rank is one plus the number of rows preceding the row that are not peer with the row. Thus, tie values in the ordering will produce gaps in the sequence. The ranking is performed for each window partition.

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row_number

row_number() -> bigint

Returns a unique, sequential number for each row, starting with one, according to the ordering of rows within the window partition.

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Value functions

By default, null values are respected. If IGNORE NULLS is specified, all rows where x is null are excluded from the calculation. If IGNORE NULLS is specified and x is null for all rows, the default_value is returned, or if it is not specified, null is returned.

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first_value

first_value(x) -> [same as input]

Returns the first value of the window.

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last_value

last_value(x) -> [same as input]

Returns the last value of the window.

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nth_value

nth_value(x, offset) -> [same as input]

Returns the value at the specified offset from the beginning of the window. Offsets start at 1. The offset can be any scalar expression. If the offset is null or greater than the number of values in the window, null is returned. It is an error for the offset to be zero or negative.

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lead

lead(x[, offset [, default_value]]) -> [same as input]

Returns the value at offset rows after the current row in the window partition. Offsets start at 0, which is the current row. The offset can be any scalar expression. The default offset is 1. If the offset is null, an error is raised. If the offset refers to a row that is not within the partition, the default_value is returned, or if it is not specified null is returned. The lead function requires that the window ordering be specified. Window frame must not be specified.

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lag

lag(x[, offset [, default_value]]) -> [same as input]

Returns the value at offset rows before the current row in the window partition. Offsets start at 0, which is the current row. The offset can be any scalar expression. The default offset is 1. If the offset is null, an error is raised. If the offset refers to a row that is not within the partition, the default_value is returned, or if it is not specified null is returned. The lag function requires that the window ordering be specified. Window frame must not be specified.

UUID FunctionsIntroduction to SQL routines